Animal Protein-Based Foaming Agents in Lightweight Concrete: Chemistry, Performance, and Innovation macam macam foaming agent
1. Origin, Structure, and Molecular Design
1.1 All-natural Resource and Biochemical Profile
(Animal Protein Frothing Agent)
Animal protein-based foaming agents are obtained largely from hydrolyzed keratin or collagen sourced from slaughterhouse byproducts such as hooves, horns, bones, and hides.
With regulated alkaline or chemical hydrolysis, these structural healthy proteins are damaged down right into amphiphilic polypeptides rich in amino acids like glycine, proline, and hydroxyproline, which possess both hydrophilic (– NH â‚‚,– COOH) and hydrophobic (aliphatic side chains) functional teams.
This dual affinity makes it possible for the particles to adsorb successfully at air– water interfaces during mechanical aeration, minimizing surface tension and maintaining bubble development– an important requirement for producing consistent cellular concrete.
Unlike artificial surfactants, pet protein frothing representatives are naturally degradable, non-toxic, and exhibit exceptional compatibility with Rose city cement systems due to their ionic nature and moderate pH buffering capacity.
The molecular weight distribution of the hydrolysate– commonly between 500 and 10,000 Da– directly influences foam security, drainage rate, and bubble dimension, making process control throughout hydrolysis important for consistent performance.
1.2 Foam Generation Device and Microstructure Control
When watered down with water (generally at ratios of 1:20 to 1:30) and introduced into a foam generator, the protein solution develops a viscoelastic movie around entrained air bubbles under high-shear problems.
This movie withstands coalescence and Ostwald ripening– the diffusion-driven growth of larger bubbles at the expenditure of smaller sized ones– by forming a mechanically robust interfacial layer reinforced via hydrogen bonding and electrostatic communications.
The resulting foam displays high expansion ratios (generally 15– 25:1) and reduced water drainage rates (
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